一 | 辛辣的食物在世界各地很受欢迎。
二 | 辣椒素是“热”食物味道的活性成分，是一种具有独特性质的化学物质，使食物美味可口。 UNITED NATIONS -- Growing gang violence in Haiti is devastating the lives of its people, with major crimes rising to a new high, the U.N. special envoy for the conflict-wracked Caribbean nations said Monday.Maria Isabel Salvador told the U.N. Security Council that every day sees gangs engaging in killings, sexual violence including collective rapes and mutilation, and kidnapping. She pointed to last week's incident in which gang members dressed as police officers kidnapped the secretary general of the High Transitional Council, which is responsible for ensuring that long-delayed elections are held.Salvador said the security crisis is even more complex because vigilante groups that have taken to fighting the gangs are still active. Between April 24 and Sept. 30, she said, the U.N. political mission “registered the lynching of at least 395 alleged gang members across all 10 departments of Haiti by the so called `Bwa Kale’ vigilante movement.”Catherine Russell, head of the U.N. children’s agency UNICEF, echoed Salvador, telling the council: “The crisis in Haiti grows worse by the day.”An estimated 2 million people, including 1.6 million women and children, live in areas under gang control, she said, and children are getting killed and injured in crossfire, some on the way to school. “Others are being forcibly recruited or they are joining armed groups out of sheer desperation,” Russell said.She said half of Haiti’s population, including 3 million children, need aid — and half of those in need aren’t getting it because of insecurity and a lack of funding. So far, this year, she said, the U.N. has received barely 25% of the $720 million it needs for humanitarian needs in the country.Since 2022, Russell said, UNICEF has seen “an unprecedented 30% increase in the number of Haitian children suffering from severe wasting” — to more than 115,000. Severe wasting is the most lethal type of malnutrition, in which food is so lacking that a child’s immune system is compromised, according to UNICEF.“The malnutrition crisis coincides with an ongoing cholera outbreak — in which nearly half of the more than suspected cases are children under 14,” Russell added. Salvador stressed “the enormous significance” of the Security Council’s Oct. 2 approval of a resolution authorizing a multinational force led by Kenya to deploy in Haiti to help combat gangs. Kenya’s Cabinet gave its approval Oct. 13, but its Parliament still must sign off.U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres in a report to the council circulated Monday welcomed Kenya’s offer and thanked Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas and Jamaica for publicly committing to contributing personnel to the mission.The council’s approval came nearly a year after Haiti’s prime minister called for the immediate deployment of an armed force, in hopes it could quell gang violence and restore security so Haiti can hold elections. Haiti lost its last democratically elected institution in January, when the terms of 10 remaining senators expired, leaving not a single lawmaker in the House or Senate. Since the July 2021 assassination of President Jovenel Moïse, Prime Minister Ariel Henry has been governing with the backing of the international community.Salvador told the council she continues to engage with a wide range of Haitians, “encouraging their full commitment to national dialogue efforts to get onto a path to elections to fully re-establish democratic institutions and the rule of law.”But, she said, “significant differences persist, all of which are critical to placing Haiti on a clear path to elections,” adding that “the efforts towards elections are not moving at a desired pace.”。
三 | 然而，辣椒素生产植物（辣椒科或辣椒）通常较小，产量相对较低。现在，科学家们想出了一个替代方案：设计番茄植株来生产辣椒素。
四 | 如果一切顺利，总有一天你可以享用热番茄，甚至从热番茄中提取的辣椒素。研究表明，番茄具有生产辣椒素所需的所有遗传信息。
五 | ”我们知道所有的基因都存在于番茄中，”科学家阿古斯丁·兹恩说。本文通过介绍番茄如何产生辣椒素，将植物转化为“生物工厂”和辛辣小吃，提出了一种激活番茄遗传机制的基因编辑方法。这个“生物工厂”可以生产比目前更多的化学品。番茄有一个类似辣椒素的遗传途径，类似于辣椒中的辣椒素，因为这两种南美植物是相关的。”在我们的实验室里，我们研究了这两个物种，”zsgn说。
六 | 去年，他的研究小组利用基因编辑技术“驯化”了野生番茄，在几代人的时间内培育出比野生番茄多出果实的品种。这个过程实际上类似于种植作物的过程——早期的农民种植了每一代产量最高的植物，这样他们的基因信息就可以存活下来。zsgn说，与辣椒素生产相关的遗传途径非常复杂，很难打开这条途径。辛辣的西红柿可能有一些新的烹饪意义，但更重要的是，它们可以作为辣椒素的生物工厂。这些化合物有医疗用途。
七 | 虽然辣椒素是最有名的，但辣椒中有五种天然辣椒素。它们在工业应用中有一定的地位，例如癌症治疗、抗炎和止痛药，甚至胡椒喷雾。
八 | 为什么不多加些辣椒呢？与土豆、西红柿和烟草不同，辣椒以劳动和生长困难而臭名昭著。因此，研究人员认为辣味番茄可以产生更多的辣椒素。然而，并不是每个人都同意这种方法。乔治亚大学的植物遗传学家和分子生物学家埃丝特·范德克纳普指出，辣椒有很多种。
九 | ”番茄的生产确实可以这样优化，”她承认，但与辣椒不同，家养番茄不是一种多样化的作物。范德纳普说，辣椒更有可能针对不同的生长条件进行优化。”我认为大自然提供了这个特殊的生物工厂。加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校的植物遗传学研究人员艾伦·范德因茨同意范德克纳佩的批评。他说，辣椒是一个“巨大而有效的辣椒素工厂”。相比之下，西红柿需要更多的水，因为它们很软，所以更难处理。他更感兴趣的是看到在番茄生物工厂工作的研究人员转向更难培养的化合物。他说，他们可以通过生产辣椒素来操纵番茄中的香兰素途径，并将这种水果用作昂贵而困难的豆类的生物工厂。
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